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Deklarasi kemerdekaan Provinsi Belanda dari raja Spanyol, Philip II

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Wilayah yang kelak akan membentuk Republik Belanda pada awalnya adalah bagian dari federasi yang dikenal dengan Tujuh Belas Provinsi. Wilayah ini diperintah oleh Kaisar Romawi Suci dan Raja Spanyol, Charles V. Ia mengelola wilayah ini di bawah pemerintahan langsung pada tahun 1543. Pada tahun 1566, para penganut Protestan[catatan 1] memberontak melawan pemerintahan Katolik Roma Spanyol, yang memicu meletusnya Perang Delapan Puluh Tahun. Dipimpin oleh William dari Oranye, kemerdekaan Belanda diproklamirkan pada 1581 dengan disahkannya Undang-Undang Abjurasi. Pemberontakan ini menyebabkan terbentuknya sebuah republik Protestan merdeka di utara, tetapi Spanyol baru mengakui kemerdekaan Belanda secara resmi pada tahun 1648. Selama berabad-abad sebelum penguasaan Spanyol, provinsi-provinsi di pesisir Belanda (dahulu bernama Holland) dan Zeeland telah menjadi pangkalan penting dalam jaringan perdagangan maritim Eropa. Lokasi geografisnya menyediakan akses mudah ke pasar Prancis, Jerman, Ingg...
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Contributions of Great Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare and Sir Julius Chan to the Independence and Development of Papua New Guinea

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Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a nation rich in cultural diversity and history. Its journey to independence and subsequent development into a modern nation-state has been significantly influenced by the visionary leadership of two prominent figures: Great Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare and Sir Julius Chan. Their contributions have shaped the political, economic, and social landscape of PNG, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to resonate in the country today. by Elder Wewok Kotokay, Melanesian Conservation Elders, Inc. Great Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare 1. Architect of Independence:  Sir Michael Somare, often referred to as the "Father of the Nation," played a pivotal role in PNG's struggle for independence from Australia. His political career began in the late 1960s when he became a member of the House of Assembly. Somare was instrumental in advocating for self-governance, leading to the establishment of the Papua New Guinea House of Assembly in 1972. His dedication cul...
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Sir Julius Chan, former Papua New Guinea PM and founding father, dies at 85

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By Papua New Guinea correspondent  Marian Faa  and  Belinda Kora Topic: World Politics Thu 30 Jan One of the last of Papua New Guinea's founding fathers and one of the country's longest serving politicians, Sir Julius Chan, has died. Sir Julius passed away at his home in Huris, New Ireland province, where he has served as governor since 2007. In recent years, the 85-year-old has been commonly referred to as "one of the last founding fathers", after the deaths of other independence leaders, including PNG's first prime minister Sir Michael Somare. His death comes as PNG prepares to celebrate its 50th year of independence. During his long political career, Sir Julius served two terms as prime minister, initially in 1980 after toppling Sir Michael in a vote of no confidence. He also served as deputy prime minister and finance minister, which saw him credited for building PNG's modern-day economy. In a statement, Sir Julius' wife and children said he passed awa...
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